小麦：修订间差异

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|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor
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== 歷史 ==
== 歷史 ==
[[基因组学]]研究表明：250万年前，小麦属与[[山羊草属]]（''Aegilops''）分开。100万年前，小麦属演化为[[生殖隔离]]的两种：<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wemedia.ifeng.com/37231469/wemedia.shtml|title=小麦身世大揭秘：没想到它的祖宗们如此多情|accessdate=2018-09-08|work=wemedia.ifeng.com|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035511/https://wemedia.ifeng.com/37231469/wemedia.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>
[[基因组学]]研究表明：250万年前，小麦属与[[山羊草属]]（''Aegilops''）分开。100万年前，小麦属演化为[[生殖隔离]]的两种：<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wemedia.ifeng.com/37231469/wemedia.shtml|title=小麦身世大揭秘：没想到它的祖宗们如此多情|accessdate=2018-09-08|work=wemedia.ifeng.com|||}}</ref>


* [[一粒小麦]]（''T. monococcum''）：二倍体
* [[一粒小麦]]（''T. monococcum''）：二倍体
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=== 健康考虑 ===
=== 健康考虑 ===
{{Main|麸质过敏}}
{{Main|麸质过敏}}
在欧洲，南美，澳大利亚和美国的调查研究表明被调查地区大约有0.5–1%的人口患有未被察觉的[[乳糜泻]]。<ref name=VanHeelWest>{{cite journal | author = van Heel D, West J | title = Recent advances in coeliac disease | url = http://gut.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/55/7/1037 | journal = Gut | volume = 55 | issue = 7 | pages = 1037–46 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16766754 | doi = 10.1136/gut.2005.075119 | pmc = 1856316 | access-date = 2013-10-02 | archive-date = 2006-06-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060615210630/http://gut.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/55/7/1037 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>在美国估计有乳糜泻的人占总人口的0.5–1%。<ref>{{cite journal
在欧洲，南美，澳大利亚和美国的调查研究表明被调查地区大约有0.5–1%的人口患有未被察觉的[[乳糜泻]]。<ref name=VanHeelWest>{{cite journal | author = van Heel D, West J | title = Recent advances in coeliac disease | url = http://gut.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/55/7/1037 | journal = Gut | volume = 55 | issue = 7 | pages = 1037–46 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16766754 | doi = 10.1136/gut.2005.075119 | pmc = 1856316 | access-date = 2013-10-02 | | | }}</ref>在美国估计有乳糜泻的人占总人口的0.5–1%。<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Fasano
| last = Fasano
| first = A
| first = A
| authorlink =
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| coauthors = Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, et al.
| coauthors = Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, et al.
| title = Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study
| title = Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study
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| archive-date = 2009-04-23
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423015430/http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/3/286?view=abstract
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Presutti
| last = Presutti
| first = John
| first = John
| authorlink =
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| coauthors = et al.
| coauthors = et al.
| title = Celiac Disease
| title = Celiac Disease
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| id =
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| accessdate =
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| archive-date = 2021-04-19
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210419111728/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1215/p1795.html
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}}</ref><ref>Hill, I. D., Horvath, K., and Fasano, A., ''Epidemiology of celiac disease.'' 1: Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Jan;90(1):163-4</ref>具有非洲人，日本人和中国人的血统的人中很少发现患有乳糜泻的。<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Houlston RS, Ford D |year=1996 |title=Genetics of coeliac disease |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=737–43 |pmid=8944229 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.10.737}}</ref>乳糜泻在女性中比在男性中更流行。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hischenhuber |first1=C |last2=Crevel |first2=R |last3=Jarry |first3=B |first4=M |last4=Mäki |first5=D A |last5=Moneret-Vautrin |first6=A |last6=Romano |first7=R |last7=Troncone |first8=R |last8=Ward |title=Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=559–75 |pmid=16480395 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x/full |date=March 2006 |access-date=2013-10-02 |archive-date=2013-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012060604/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x/full |dead-url=no }}</ref>
}}</ref><ref>Hill, I. D., Horvath, K., and Fasano, A., ''Epidemiology of celiac disease.'' 1: Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Jan;90(1):163-4</ref>具有非洲人，日本人和中国人的血统的人中很少发现患有乳糜泻的。<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Houlston RS, Ford D |year=1996 |title=Genetics of coeliac disease |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=737–43 |pmid=8944229 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.10.737}}</ref>乳糜泻在女性中比在男性中更流行。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hischenhuber |first1=C |last2=Crevel |first2=R |last3=Jarry |first3=B |first4=M |last4=Mäki |first5=D A |last5=Moneret-Vautrin |first6=A |last6=Romano |first7=R |last7=Troncone |first8=R |last8=Ward |title=Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=559–75 |pmid=16480395 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x/full |date=March 2006 |access-date=2013-10-02 |||}}</ref>


乳糜泻是[[免疫系统]]对{{Link-en|麸朊|gliadin}}产生不良反应所造成的疾病。麸朊是一种在小麦（和{{Link-en|小麦族|Triticeae}}中其它类似的谷物，比如[[大麦]]和[[黑麦]]）中发现的[[麸质]]蛋白质。对待乳糜泻仅有的有效方法就是终生实行[[无麸质饮食]]。
乳糜泻是[[免疫系统]]对{{Link-en|麸朊|gliadin}}产生不良反应所造成的疾病。麸朊是一种在小麦（和{{Link-en|小麦族|Triticeae}}中其它类似的谷物，比如[[大麦]]和[[黑麦]]）中发现的[[麸质]]蛋白质。对待乳糜泻仅有的有效方法就是终生实行[[无麸质饮食]]。
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|+ 世界小麥产量 <br />（單位：百萬噸）
|+ 世界小麥产量 <br />（單位：百萬噸）
!国家
!国家
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!2014<ref>{{Cite web|title = FAOSTAT|url = http://faostat3.fao.org|website = faostat3.fao.org|access-date = 2016-01-13|||}}</ref>
! 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/Q/QC/E |title=FAOSTAT |accessdate=2016-07-02 |archive-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910234716/http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/Q/QC/E |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
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! 2006<ref name=faostat>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 FAOSTAT]</ref>
! 2006<ref name=faostat>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 FAOSTAT]</ref>
! 2005 <ref name=UN>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/country.html |title=UN FAO Statistic |accessdate=2016-07-02 |archive-date=2012-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516025726/http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/country.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
! 2005 <ref name=UN>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/country.html |title=UN FAO Statistic |accessdate=2016-07-02 |||}}</ref>
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