留声机(phonograph)亦称唱机(gramophone),是一种可以发出唱片所记录声音的机器。
其声音储存在以声学方法在黑胶唱片平面上刻出的弧形刻槽内。声音振动波形以雕刻、蚀刻、切割或压印到旋转圆柱或盘的表面的沟槽里,称为“记录”。为了重新创造声音,旋转表面,使用针头跟踪凹槽并因此被它振动,可以非常微弱地再现所记录的声音。在早期的声学留声机中,针头振动了一个振膜,振膜产生的声波通过喇叭,或通过听诊器式耳机直接传播到听众的耳朵。
第一个留声机最早于1877年由美国发明家爱迪生发明,而第一个使用唱片的留声机于1888年由德裔美国发明家贝利纳首先演示。唱片后来逐渐取代了筒式留声机,因为唱片能比较方便地大量复制,播放时间也比大多数筒形录音介质长。
延伸阅读
- Bruil, Rudolf A. (January 8, 2004). "Linear Tonearms." Retrieved on July 25, 2011.
- Gelatt, Roland. The Fabulous Phonograph, 1877–1977. Second rev. ed., [being also the] First Collier Books ed., in series, Sounds of the Century. New York: Collier, 1977. 349 p., ill. ISBN 0-02-032680-7
- Heumann, Michael. "Metal Machine Music: The Phonograph's Voice and the Transformation of Writing." eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism (January 2013). Montréal: CEC.
- Koenigsberg, Allen. The Patent History of the Phonograph, 1877–1912. APM Press, 1991.
- Reddie, Lovell N. The Gramophone And The Mechanical Recording And Reproduction Of Musical Sounds. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. 1908: 209–231.
- Various. "Turntable [wiki]: Bibliography." eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism (January 2013). Montréal: CEC.
- Weissenbrunner, Karin. "Experimental Turntablism: Historical overview of experiments with record players / records — or Scratches from Second-Hand Technology." eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism (January 2013). Montréal: CEC.
外部链接
- c.1915 Swiss hot-air engined gramophone at Museum of RetroTechnology
- Interactive sculpture delivers tactile soundwave experience
- Very early recordings from around the world
- The Birth of the Recording Industry
- The Cylinder Archive
- Cylinder Preservation & Digitization Project – Over 6,000 cylinder recordings held by the Department of Special Collections, University of California, Santa Barbara, free for download or streamed online.
- Cylinder players held at the British Library – information and high-quality images.
- History of Recorded Sound: Phonographs and Records
- EnjoytheMusic.com – Excerpts from the book Hi-Fi All-New 1958 Edition
- Listen to early recordings on the Edison Phonograph
- Mario Frazzetto's Phonograph and Gramophone Gallery.
- Say What? – Essay on phonograph technology and intellectual property law
- Vinyl Engine – Information, images, articles and reviews from around the world
- The Analogue Dept – Information, images and tutorials; strongly focused on Thorens brand
- 45 rpm player and changer at work on YouTube
- Historic video footage of Edison operating his original tinfoil phonograph
- Turntable History on Enjoy the Music.com