波斯语拉丁化

波斯语拉丁化或波斯语罗马化(Latinization of Persian, Romanization of Persian；波斯语：لاتین‌نویسی فارسی‎，罗马化：Lātinnevisiye fārsi, 发音：[lɒːtiːn.neviːˌsije fɒːɹˈsiː])，是波斯语的拉丁化呈现。波斯语存在几种不同的拉丁化方案；每个方案都有自己的一套规则、由其所要表现的意识形态目标而决定其拉丁化之方案。目前似乎是UN(2012)是比较能够众所接受的拉丁化方案；其特色是/z/字母统合四个波斯传统字母（ذ、ز、ض、ظ）、/s/字母统合三个传统波斯字母（ث、س、ص）、/q/字母则统合二个波斯传统语音字母（غ、ق），而四个声门塞音字母（ا、ء、ؤ、ئ）除用在字词中（'/ъ）保留外、在字首及字尾则经常省略；浊咽擦音（ع）亦经常省略；而清齿龈塞音（ة）即字母/ت/的变形方式、依据字词使用方式也常省略之。^[1]^[2]除元音是采用整合对应方式外，其余拉丁字母的辅音和传统的波斯语字母、UN(2012)则是采用一对一的对应转换方式。^[1]^[2]

主要的拉丁化方案

DMG (1969),德国东方学会严格的科学系统。它符合德国标准化学会的标准DIN 31635。^[3]
ALA-LC (1997)，ALA-LC拉丁化.^[4]
BGN/PCGN (1958)，BGN/PCGN罗马化系统.^[5]
EI (1960)，在伊朗百科全书早先版本的系统所使用。^[3]
EI (2012)，波斯语当代修改方式。^[6]
UN (1967)，伊朗国家系统(1966)，于1967年幼联合国地名专家组所核可。^[1]^[7]
UN (2012)，波斯语当代修改方式。^[1]^[2]

各方案比较表

辅音表

辅音
Unicode	字母	IPA	DMG (1969)	ALA-LC (1997)	BGN/PCGN (1958)	EI (1960)	EI (2012)	UN (1967)	UN (2012)	英语发音
U+0627	ا‎	ʔ, ∅^[a]	ʾ, —^[b]	ʼ, —^[b]				ʾ		_____
U+0628	ب‎	b	b							B as in Bob
U+067E	پ‎	p	p							P as in pet
U+062A	ت‎	t	t							T as in tall
U+062B	ث‎	s	s̱	s̱	s̄	t͟h	ṯ	s̄	s	S as in sand
U+062C	ج‎	dʒ	ǧ	j	j	d͟j	j	j		J as in jam
U+0686	چ‎	tʃ	č	ch	ch	č	č	ch	č	Ch as in Charlie
U+062D	ح‎	h	ḥ	ḥ	ḩ/ḥ^[c]	ḥ	ḥ	ḩ	h	H as in holiday
U+062E	خ‎	x	ḫ	kh	kh	k͟h	ḵ	kh	x	____
U+062F	د‎	d	d							D as in Dave
U+0630	ذ‎	z	ẕ	ẕ	z̄	d͟h	ḏ	z̄	z	Z as in zero
U+0631	ر‎	r	r							R as in Rabbit
U+0632	ز‎	z	z							Z as in zero
U+0698	ژ‎	ʒ	ž	zh	zh	z͟h	ž	zh	ž	S as in televison or G as in Genre
U+0633	س‎	s	s							S as in Sam
U+0634	ش‎	ʃ	š	sh	sh	s͟h	š	sh	š	Sh as in sheep
U+0635	ص‎	s	ṣ	ṣ	ş/ṣ^[c]	ṣ	ṣ	ş	s	S as in Sam
U+0636	ض‎	z	ż	z̤	ẕ	ḍ	ż	ẕ	z	Z as in zero
U+0637	ط‎	t	ṭ	ṭ	ţ/ṭ^[c]	ṭ	ṭ	ţ	t	t as in tank
U+0638	ظ‎	z	ẓ	ẓ	z̧/ẓ^[c]	ẓ	ẓ	z̧	z	Z as in zero
U+0639	ع‎	∅	ʿ	ʻ	ʼ^[b]	ʻ	ʻ	ʿ	ʿ	- as in Uh-Oh
U+063A	غ‎	ɢ~ɣ	ġ	gh	gh	g͟h	ḡ	gh	q	French R
U+0641	ف‎	f	f							F as in Fred
U+0642	ق‎	ɢ~ɣ	q			ḳ	ḳ	q		French R
U+06A9	ک‎	k	k							C as in card
U+06AF	گ‎	ɡ	g							G as in go
U+0644	ل‎	l	l							L as in lamp
U+0645	م‎	m	m							M as in Michael
U+0646	ن‎	n	n							N as in name
U+0648	و‎	v~w^[a]^[d]	v				v, w^[e]	v		V as in vision
U+0647	ه‎	h^[a]	h	h	h^[f]	h	h	h^[f]	h^[f]	H as in hot
U+0629	ة‎	∅, t	—	h^[g]	—	t^[h]	h^[g]	—	—
U+06CC	ی‎	j^[a]	y							Y as in Yale
U+0621	ء‎	ʔ, ∅	ʾ	ʼ				ʾ
U+0624	ؤ‎	ʔ, ∅	ʾ	ʼ				ʾ
U+0626	ئ‎	ʔ, ∅	ʾ	ʼ				ʾ

元音表

元音^[i]
Unicode	尾	中	前	独立	IPA	DMG (1969)	ALA-LC (1997)	BGN/PCGN (1958)	EI (2012)	UN (1967)	UN (2012)	英语发音
U+064E	◌َ‎	◌َ‎	اَ‎	◌َ‎	/æ̞/	a	a	a	a	a	a	A as in cat
U+064F	◌ُ‎	◌ُ‎	اُ‎	◌ُ‎	o	o	o	o	u	o	o	O as in go
U+0648 U+064F	◌ﻮَ‎	◌ﻮَ‎	—	◌وَ‎	o^[j]	o	o	o	u	o	o	O as in go
U+0650	◌ِ‎	◌ِ‎	اِ‎	◌ِ‎	e	e	i	e	e	e	e	E as in ten
U+064E U+0627	◌َا‎	◌َا‎	آ‎	◌َا‎	ɑː~ɒː	ā	ā	ā	ā	ā	ā	O as in hot
U+0622	◌ﺂ‎	◌ﺂ‎	آ‎	◌آ‎	ɑː~ɒː	ā, ʾā^[k]	ā, ʼā^[k]	ā	ā	ā	ā	O as in hot
U+064E U+06CC	◌َﯽ‎	—	—	◌َی‎	ɑː~ɒː	ā	á	á	ā	á	ā	O as in hot
U+06CC U+0670	◌ﯽٰ‎	—	—	◌یٰ‎	ɑː~ɒː	ā	á	á	ā	ā	ā	O as in hot
U+064F U+0648	◌ُﻮ‎	◌ُﻮ‎	اُو‎	◌ُو‎	uː, oː^[e]	ū	ū	ū	u, ō^[e]	ū	u	U as in actual
U+0650 U+06CC	◌ِﯽ‎	◌ِﯿ‎	اِﯾ‎	◌ِی‎	iː, eː^[e]	ī	ī	ī	i, ē^[e]	ī	i	Y as in happy
U+064E U+0648	◌َﻮ‎	◌َﻮ‎	اَو‎	◌َو‎	ow~aw^[e]	au	aw	ow	ow, aw^[e]	ow	ow	O as in go
U+064E U+06CC	◌َﯽ‎	◌َﯿ‎	اَﯾ‎	◌َی‎	ej~aj^[e]	ai	ay	ey	ey, ay^[e]	ey	ey	Ay as in play
U+064E U+06CC	◌ﯽ‎	—	—	◌ی‎	–e, –je	–e, –ye	–i, –yi	–e, –ye	–e, –ye	–e, –ye	–e, –ye	Ye as in yes
U+06C0	◌ﮥ‎	—	—	◌ﮤ‎	–je	–ye	–ʼi	–ye	–ye	–ye	–ye	Ye as in yes

前伊斯兰时期

在前伊斯兰时期，古波斯语和中古波斯语使用了各种字母之文字架构，包括古波斯楔形文字、巴列维文字和阿维斯坦字母。每个时期都有着名的语言学家来建立转录及记音等之体系。^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

IPA	古波斯语^[i]^[ii]	中古波斯语 (巴列维)^[i]	阿维斯坦^[i]
Consonants
p	p
f	f
b	b
β~ʋ~w	—	β	β/w
t	t		t, t̰
θ	θ/ϑ
d	d
ð	—	(δ)	δ
θr	ç/ϑʳ	θʳ/ϑʳ
s	s
z	z
ʃ	š		š, š́, ṣ̌
ʒ	ž
c~tʃ	c/č
ɟ~dʒ	j/ǰ
k	k
x	x		x, x́
xʷ	xʷ/xᵛ
g	g		g, ġ
ɣ	ɣ/γ
h	h
m	m		m, m̨
ŋ	—		ŋ, ŋʷ
ŋʲ	—		ŋ́
n	n		n, ń, ṇ
r	r
l	l
w~ʋ~v	v	w	v
j	y		y, ẏ
Vowels
Short
a	a
ã	—		ą, ą̇
ə	—		ə
e	—	(e)	e
i	i
o	—	(o)	o
u	u
Long
aː	ā
ɑː~ɒː	—		å/ā̊
ə	—		ə̄
əː	—	ē
iː	ī
oː	—	ō
uː	ū

注记:

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Slash signifies equal variants.
↑
There exist some differences in transcription of Old Persian preferred by different scholars:
- ā = â
- ī, ū = i, u
- x = kh, ḵ, ḥ, ḫ
- c/č = ǩ
- j/ǰ = ǧ
- θ = ϑ, þ, th, ṯ, ṭ
- ç = tr, θʳ, ϑʳ, ṙ, s͜s, s̀
- f = p̱
- y, v = j, w.

哈菲兹的诗作

拉丁化示例 (哈菲兹的诗)

Yusef-e gomgašte bāz āyad be kan'ān qam maxor
kolbe-ye ahzān šavad ruzi golestān qam maxor

یوسف گم گشته باز آید به کنعان غم مخور
کلبه ی احزان شود روزی گلستان غم مخور

The lost Joseph will get back to Canaan don't be sad
The hut of madness will become a garden one day, don't be sad

注解

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Used as a vowel as well.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.
↑ At the beginning of words the combination ⟨خو‎⟩ was pronounced /xw/ or /xʷ/ in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide /ʷ/ has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination /xʷa/ was changed to /xo/ (see below).
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 In Dari.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Not transliterated at the end of words.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 In the combination ⟨یة‎⟩ at the end of words.
↑ When used instead of ⟨ت‎⟩ at the end of words.
↑ Diacritical signs (harakat) are rarely written.
↑ After ⟨خ‎⟩ from the earlier /xʷa/. Often transliterated as xwa or xva. For example, خور‎ /xor/ "sun" was /xʷar/ in Classical Persian.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 After vowels.

注释

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Persian (PDF). UNGEGN.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 New Persian Romanization System. E/CONF.101/118/Rev.1*. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York, 31 July – 9 August 2012.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Pedersen, Thomas T. Persian (Farsi) (PDF). Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts.
↑ Persian (PDF). The Library of Congress.
↑ Romanization system for Persian (Dari and Farsi). BGN/PCGN 1958 System (PDF).
↑ Transliteration. Encyclopædia Iranica.
↑ Toponymic Guidelines for map and other editors – Revised edition 1998. Working Paper No. 41. Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. UNGEGN, 20th session. New York, 17–28 January 2000.
↑ Bartholomae, Christian. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg. 1904: XXIII.
↑ Kent, Roland G. Old Persian. New Heaven, Connecticut. 1950: 12–13.
↑ MacKenzie, D. N. Transcription. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London. 1971.
↑ Hoffmann, Karl; Forssman, Bernhard. Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre. Innsbruck. 1996: 41–44. ISBN 3-85124-652-7.

参阅

外部链接

[equal-23] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Slash signifies equal variants.

[var-24] There exist some differences in transcription of Old Persian preferred by different scholars:
ā = â

ī, ū = i, u

x = kh, ḵ, ḥ, ḫ

c/č = ǩ

j/ǰ = ǧ

θ = ϑ, þ, th, ṯ, ṭ

ç = tr, θʳ, ϑʳ, ṙ, s͜s, s̀

f = p̱

y, v = j, w.

[3] ā = â

[4] ī, ū = i, u

[5] x = kh, ḵ, ḥ, ḫ

[6] c/č = ǩ

[7] j/ǰ = ǧ

[8] θ = ϑ, þ, th, ṯ, ṭ

[9] ç = tr, θʳ, ϑʳ, ṙ, s͜s, s̀

[10] = p̱

[11] y, v = j, w.

[vowel-8] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Used as a vowel as well.

[hamza-ayn-9] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.

[dot-10] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.

[xw-11] At the beginning of words the combination ⟨خو‎⟩ was pronounced /xw/ or /xʷ/ in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide /ʷ/ has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination /xʷa/ was changed to /xo/ (see below).

[Dari-12] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 In Dari.

[h-final-13] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Not transliterated at the end of words.

[yh-14] 7.0 ^7.1 In the combination ⟨یة‎⟩ at the end of words.

[marbuta-15] When used instead of ⟨ت‎⟩ at the end of words.

[diacritics-16] Diacritical signs (harakat) are rarely written.

[wo-17] After ⟨خ‎⟩ from the earlier /xʷa/. Often transliterated as xwa or xva. For example, خور‎ /xor/ "sun" was /xʷar/ in Classical Persian.

[aa-18] 11.0 ^11.1 After vowels.

[UNGEGN-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Persian (PDF). UNGEGN.

[UN2012-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 New Persian Romanization System. E/CONF.101/118/Rev.1*. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York, 31 July – 9 August 2012.

[eki-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Pedersen, Thomas T. Persian (Farsi) (PDF). Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts.

[ALA-LC-4] Persian (PDF). The Library of Congress.

[BGN-PCGN-5] Romanization system for Persian (Dari and Farsi). BGN/PCGN 1958 System (PDF).

[EI-6] Transliteration. Encyclopædia Iranica.

[UN1998-7] Toponymic Guidelines for map and other editors – Revised edition 1998. Working Paper No. 41. Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. UNGEGN, 20th session. New York, 17–28 January 2000.

[Bartholomae-19] Bartholomae, Christian. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg. 1904: XXIII.

[Kent-20] Kent, Roland G. Old Persian. New Heaven, Connecticut. 1950: 12–13.

[MacKenzie-21] MacKenzie, D. N. Transcription. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London. 1971.

[Hoffmann-22] Hoffmann, Karl; Forssman, Bernhard. Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre. Innsbruck. 1996: 41–44. ISBN 3-85124-652-7.

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